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Improved bounds for the eigenvalues of prolate spheroidal wave functions and discrete prolate spheroidal sequences
Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis  (IF3.055),  Pub Date : 2021-05-05, DOI: 10.1016/j.acha.2021.04.002
Santhosh Karnik, Justin Romberg, Mark A. Davenport

The discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (DPSSs) are a set of orthonormal sequences in ${\ell }_{2}\left(\mathbb{Z}\right)$ which are strictly bandlimited to a frequency band $\left[-W,W\right]$ and maximally concentrated in a time interval $\left\{0,\dots ,N-1\right\}$. The timelimited DPSSs (sometimes referred to as the Slepian basis) are an orthonormal set of vectors in ${\mathbb{C}}^{N}$ whose discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) is maximally concentrated in a frequency band $\left[-W,W\right]$. Due to these properties, DPSSs have a wide variety of signal processing applications. The DPSSs are the eigensequences of a timelimit-then-bandlimit operator and the Slepian basis vectors are the eigenvectors of the so-called prolate matrix. The eigenvalues in both cases are the same, and they exhibit a particular clustering behavior – slightly fewer than $2NW$ eigenvalues are very close to 1, slightly fewer than $N-2NW$ eigenvalues are very close to 0, and very few eigenvalues are not near 1 or 0. This eigenvalue behavior is critical in many of the applications in which DPSSs are used. There are many asymptotic characterizations of the number of eigenvalues not near 0 or 1. In contrast, there are very few non-asymptotic results, and these don't fully characterize the clustering behavior of the DPSS eigenvalues. In this work, we establish two novel non-asymptotic bounds on the number of DPSS eigenvalues between ϵ and $1-ϵ$. Also, we obtain bounds detailing how close the first $\approx 2NW$ eigenvalues are to 1 and how close the last $\approx N-2NW$ eigenvalues are to 0. Furthermore, we extend these results to the eigenvalues of the prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWFs), which are the continuous-time version of the DPSSs. Finally, we present numerical experiments demonstrating the quality of our non-asymptotic bounds on the number of DPSS eigenvalues between ϵ and $1-ϵ$.